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3b Other
Paradigm Flaws & Compounding Issues
Note: On
many points touched on below there is a vast amount of literature in books
and journals along with web archives and new, relevant articles every
day. A few good summary web sites
are referenced in the notes section.
Stated in the closing
paragraph of a 2008 Summary report [R1] of the Club of Rome’s controversial book, Limits To
Growth:
“….
The two missing ingredients are a realistic, long-term goal that can
guide mankind to the equilibrium society and the human will to achieve that
goal. Without such a goal and a commitment to it, short-term concerns will
generate the exponential growth that drives the world system toward the
limits of the earth and ultimate collapse.”
The Dynamic Systems section illustrated that any stable system must
have: 1) a source of energy; 2) a viable goal; 3) a measurement system to
determine deviation from that goal; and 4) a means of using this deviation
(error signal) to generate effective feedback to enable the operating
system to exercise control in the direction of that goal. This basic principle applies to any
dynamic system, whether a living plant or animal or a human-created dynamic
systems. Any system without these 4
components operating within system limits, will fail. As pointed out in the Club of Rome’s summary paragraph,
above, there is not now and never has been overall realistic long-term goal-oriented
planetary governance. Today’s form
of MCP grew out of decades of corporate hegemony achieved by lobbying
governments for more and more power and less and less regulation: Corporate governance now has an iron grip
on the governing our civilization and it is transfixed on infinite economic
growth within our finite planet home.
[R2]
These hands that now
influence governance are void of any connection to a viable sustainable
system. These thoughts plus many
others will form the needed background as we consider developing the model
of an optimum form of Blue Planet
Governance.
On each brief heading
commented on below, one could write a book, and many have been
written. But this section hopes to
illustrate that a few of today’s ‘normal’ ways of doing things will appear
absurd when viewed from outside of today’s paradigm.
Progress
of the hunter – and multiplying our numbers
Robert
Wright’s ‘94 book, A Short History Of Progress, elaborates on how unpleasant histories
tend to repeat over and over. He
points to the Upper Palaeolithic period where, the perfection of hunting spelled the end
of hunting as a way of life, explaining that easier access to meat from
new hunting tools led to more humans, more hunters, and soon fewer animals
to hunt. Does this sound
familiar? In the 1970s there was an
armada of high-tech cod factory ships working the Grand Banks of
Newfoundland. And then the
fishery collapsed from a shortage of fish – or was it a longage
of people?
There
is a more fundamental reason for resource collapses. According to Garrett Hardin who wrote, The Tragedy of The Commons essay,
resource collapse is not a problem of a
shortage of resource, but from a longage of people – the result of growing human
populations. This is another case of
Jevons’s paradox where progress in one area becomes a negative because of
its effect other areas. It occurs
because the two issues are not generally recognized as components of one
overall holistic system.
It
seems that Mother Nature programmed her species to go forth and multiply
but has made no provision for genetic characteristics that would guide us
collectively to assess our future and to recognize limits to growth,
causing us to then adjust our fertility and activities accordingly. Ironically, in human-built structures
such as elevators, airplanes or buildings, the engineers post the maximum
load and we are happy to comply.
There appears to be an inbred human reluctance to measure and
acknowledge human load limits for our finite planetary home. The concept of planetary limits to growth has not yet entered
our common paradigm. As
psychologist Ornstein suggested years ago, we need a conscious evolution in order to evolve toward acceptance of a
changed paradigm.
Such
reluctance is re-enforced by a
few extreme paternalistic religions.
The tenets of these ‘abstract realities’
originated
centuries ago. They ignore and deny
science-based data such Galileo or Malthus presented, or scientific data
such as used today by the Global
Footprint Network who tell us it that humanity now would require 2 or 3
planet Earths to sustain today’s level of human activity. For the
past two millennia some religions have exerted a great deal of influence
over population growth rates in many countries, with devastating
humanitarian and ecological impacts.
But
these paternalistic influences are relatively new in millennial time
frames. In the Appendix – Our Journey Into Today,
data is gathered from books by Riane Eisler, Elsabeth Sahtouris and others who describe times and societies
long before the CE (Common Era), when females often dominated leadership
and when human spirituality and respect for nature guided human
activity. Most aboriginal cultures
today still harbour such ‘ancient’ values today. This suggests that sometimes, what is ancient is even more in tune with
realities of today’s world with fossil-fuel energized technology that has
been unleashed with no viable holistic planet based guidance.
One
of the key factors in human survival is the need to escape the influence of
cultures that refuse to accept that humans are an integral part of nature,
or cultures that teach that the female is less important than the male, or
that sexual orientations are evil if not in line with the norm. Even the 15% of people who are naturally
left-handed were once labelled sinister.
And still today women may be stoned to death for adultery. The tyranny of these cultural tools must
end. A prerequisite to a proven
sensible human population policy is to enable women to be free and equal,
and educated, and to have access to control over their fertility.
The 80/20 Guideline – The Pareto Principle
We
are not all the same. Species
variation is an important consideration when speculating on escape from a
toxic paradigm. A handy tool is the
80/20 guideline. As described in the
Glossary:
When
stating that, under these
circumstances, people will do that, generally, the 80/20 rules suggests
that only 80% will do that, and
the remaining 20% will not do that.
However, the dividing line is fuzzy with sometimes a wide range of
overlapping views. It might be 99%
to 1% on some characteristics. It
applies to both physical and mental characteristics. Quite often these
variations are expressed as a bell curve, with the “80” representing those
within the bulk of bell, with the 20 being those at the skirt. See: http://www.linfo.org/human_variability.html.
Social
psychologist Milgram illustrates this point when he wrote: “We are puppets controlled by the strings
of society. Yet what is also true is that not all puppets jump when their
strings are pulled.” It is
genetic variations within species that enables physical and mental
evolutionary change.
Species
variation enables superbugs to emerge and it may be the key that enables
humans to escape our paradigm entrapment, and to begin dealing with our
common dilemma with sensible approaches as suggested in Section 4 where a
sustainable form of Blue Planet
Governance, is described 50 years after paradigm change.
The power creep of
corporations and money
“We have
been disempowered by a corporate state that seduced and manipulated us
through cheap mass-produced goods and sensual gratification. While we were entertained, the
regulations that kept predatory corporate power in check were dismantled.”
Quote from Chris Hedges’ book, Death of the liberal class.
Hedges
is one of
a growing chorus of journalists and writers with dire warnings about
corporate power. Centuries of
hegemonic power creep from corporations has led us to a point where they
have incrementally taken a great deal of control over their own
regulation. The MCP section
mentioned the coup of the corporate banks a century ago when they won
significant control over the regulation of money. Throughout the decades since, the
transfer of power to corporations has accelerated. In 2010 the US Supreme Court ruled that corporations now have all the rights granted
to individuals under the US Constitution.
They now have no limit to financial contribution to the political
party or candidate of their choice.
This makes the expression, we
have the best government that money can buy, not only realistic, but
today’s norm. Corporations
have incrementally evolved to seek profit above any other consideration.
This makes them psychopathic with regard to the natural world or
individuals. Not surprisingly, in a
recent article in the, Journal of
Business Ethics, studies have found that many successful corporate
leaders are psychopathic too [R3].
Globalization
As corporations grew in size
they eventually became transnational, and global trade went from a trickle
to a stream. In the Reagan (US) –
Thatcher (UK) years of the 1980s, Margaret Thatcher even coined the
expression TINA, meaning, There Is No
Alternative to growth and globalization. Governments heavily influenced by
corporations seek and sign international trade agreements that further
enhance corporate influence on a transnational basis.
Holistic scholars such as Tad
Homer Dixon, Paul Kennedy or John Ralston Saul write books explaining that
globalism will be a short term event leading to disaster. Anyone not convinced of this should read
Saul’s ’95 book, The Unconscious
Civilisation, or his ‘02 The
Collapse of Globalism and the reinvention of the world. Chapter one of this book
titled, A Serpent in Paradise, opens:
Globalization
emerged in the 1970s as if from nowhere, fully grown enrobed in an aura of
inclusivity. Advocates and believers
argued with audacity that, through the prism of a particular school of
economics, societies around the world would be taken in new, interwoven and
positive directions. This mission
was concerted into the policy and law over twenty years – the l980s and
‘90s – with the force of declared inevitability.
Saul then elaborates on
globalism’s inevitable end. [R4]
But as we approach
globalism’s end, the toll to the Gaian system mounts. Every year more conferences emerge with
much hand-wringing and warnings but no impact on the runaway growth-paradigm. The
Anthropocene is a brief high speed video clip illustrating humanity’s
deadly progress [R5]
Creeping expectations in
individuals:
Bearing
in mind the 80/20 guideline, the pursuit of more-and-more applies to individuals as well. Individuals soon become accustomed to
apparent improvements in income and lifestyles and will strongly resist a
step backward. If we acquire wealth,
we would like more wealth. For many
there is no limit to this trend as pointed out in the MCP–Appendix in reference to the growing
rich/poor divide. But both the rich
and blue-collar workers are likely to put roadblocks in the way of needed
cut back on human activity. For most
of the rich, their wealth depends on trade and commerce; for the blue
collar workforce, their jobs and access to money depend on keeping that job
even if their line of work is a source of ecological destruction – the
large workforce at the massive Alberta tar-sands project is one example of
many.
Ever-growing
expectations do not stop after the acquisition of large sums of money. There are many articles explaining that
the quest of more never ends, such as an Oxfam International article in January 2015.
Having more money doesn’t
make you happier. I have 50 million
dollars but I’m just as happy as when I had only 48 million. - Arnold Schwarzenegger
Global
energy issues are another specialty area where a sense of entitlement
inhibits progress toward a solution.
Canada and many counties are slowly moving toward alternate energy
sources. Progress is often delayed
or stopped because people have grown comfortable in having their energy
supplied from a central source, in someone else’s back yard. NIMBYism (Not In
My Back Yard) hampers the move toward the capture of distributed natural
flow-energy from solar, but especially from wind farms. Wind farms change the local landscape
view to some degree, and are therefore opposed by those ‘entitled’ to a
non-changing scenic environment. It
disturbs their ‘sense of place’.
These folks usually are well educated and employ the latest
techniques of the data spin industry
to create doubt and fear in the local population [R6]. The fact that their fossil fuel comfort
is destabilizing their planetary life support system is apparently not
their concern.
Who benefits from human
invention?
Since
the invention of the written word, humans have been accumulating
knowledge. Year after year, century
after century, accumulated knowledge is recorded and available for the next
generation to build on in their own ingenious
ways. The gems within the vault of
accumulated knowledge are generally considered to be “public domain”. To prevent today’s inventions from
filtering down into public domain, the power of corporations has created
roadblocks via long-term patents and other devices so that today’s new
innovations benefit corporate owners and shareholders – people with money –
first and then to a lesser degree the industry workers (who were not laid
off as a result of invention) and the general public.
With
regard to automation made possible by new technologies, the Luddite
movement of the 19th century made valid points when they
destroyed the automated looms that replaced many workers. This condition of
unequal benefits from automation was eloquently illustrated decades ago in
the ’35 booklet, In Praise of
Idleness and Other Essays, by Bertrand Russell he illustrated the issue in a paragraph about
the manufacture of pins:
Suppose that, at a given
moment, a certain number of people are engaged in the manufacture of
pins. They make as many pins as the
world needs, working (say) eight hours a day. Someone makes an invention by which the
same number of men can make twice as many pins. Pins are already so cheap that hardly any
more will be bought at a lower price.
In a sensible world, everybody concerned in the manufacture of pins
would take to working four hours instead of eight, and everything else
would go on as before. But in the
actual world this would be thought demoralizing. The men still work eight
hours, there are too many pins, some employers go bankrupt, and half the
men previously concerned in making pins are thrown out of work. There is, in the end, just as much
leisure as in the other plan, but half the men are totally idle and unhappy
while half are overworked. In this
way it is insured that the unavoidable leisure shall cause misery all
around instead of being a universal source of happiness. Can anything more insane be imagined?
Computerised automation has
accelerated this insane process,
as labelled by Russell. In assembly
plants that traditionally employed a large labour force, after automation
many workers are laid-off. Corporate
profits grow and shareholders get richer.
Like so many other unsustainable practices, this process is simply
integrated into the system as ‘normal’.
Any benevolent corporation
will fail because the shareholders will dump stock and put their money
elsewhere for higher returns.
Shareholders of large corporations are generally oblivious to the
human or environmental issues caused by their company: The shareholders
are, in effect, absentee landlords.
The job loss to automation
issue has been buffered somewhat in the growth era because those laid-off
workers were generally able to get a job elsewhere in the expanding
economy. But we know that peak-oil
and other global factors have ended the growth era and so the insane process now adds to growing
human unhappiness. [R7]
Absentee landlords
History tells of many bloody
revolutions because leaders of their society permitted the land to be owned/controlled by people outside of the local
community. Absentee
landlord describes a person who owns property but does not live within
the property's local economic region; they have locals operate their
property. This practice is problematic because absentee landlords drain
local wealth into their home region or country. Legal Definition: A landlord who resides so far from the leased real property that he
is not, or is not expected to be, readily available to personally address
any problems concerning the property.
Today public corporations
represent the ultimate source of absentee landlordism with predictably
disastrous results, especially when resource extraction projects are
involved. In Canada the Alberta
tar-sands hold the current title as the worst ongoing ecological disaster
on Earth. In the sparsely populated
area of Northern Alberta the local voices have no say in the matter. In the USA, to the dismay and outrage of
local populations, mountain tops are blasted into the valleys and rivers
below, all in order to expose nature’s coal seams in the Appalachian
Mountain range. And then there is
corporate factory farming, and ... , one could
write a fracking [R8] book
on these issues.
But now the absentee landlord
issue gets even worse. As we move
through the second decade of 2000, the faltering giant economy of USA now
exchanges material goods for treasury bills – a debt substitute for money
whose future value is dubious.
Foreign countries hold over 4 trillion US$ in treasury
bills [R9], with
China and Japan holding about 18% each.
In order to get something of value for this ‘promissory’ money
China, Japan and others are now buying up corporations with access rights
to resources and prime farm land in countries all over the world. An in-depth review of
shareholder information from Bloomberg shows that 71% of all tar sands
production is owned by non-Canadian shareholders, with a large share owned
by the Hunt Brothers.
Now the absentee landlord that may destroy an ecosystem in your back
yard for minerals, crops or energy, may not even be from your country, but
may be from the other side of the world.
Canadians are being doubly
shafted with the treasury bill issue. In return for tar sands oil, we accept
US$ treasury bills. From August 2010
to December 2014 our holdings increased from 44.9 billion to 70
billion. In the meantime China and
other countries dump US treasury bills to increase their title holdings in
Northern Alberta tar sands. And the
environment of Alberta and the world bleeds as bioregional forests are
cleared and water tables are increasingly polluted; and the absentee
landlords don’t care. All of this
destruction takes place to produce liquid fuel. But the Energy Return on Energy Invested ratio (ER:EI)
in this disastrous process is only about 1.2 to 1 [R10]. That means the EI,
the Energy Input that goes into the project almost equals the ER, Energy
Returned. This is much like
spinning your wheels and going nowhere - while spinning the wheels by using
energy from natural gas and regular oil.
Paradigm
entrapment
We
resist change. The problem areas
listed above have resulted from our basic human-nature that has evolved
over the millennia along with our physical body. We have grown familiar with a form of
governance with historic roots in a world that appeared to be without limits to growth. We collectively resist significant change
to lifestyles or systems of governance that have become ‘normalized’. A key point here is this: significant changes to our paradigm (or
our world view/zeitgeist) will be necessary if our species is to
survive. Using the 80/20 guideline,
let’s presume that 80%? of individuals are
unlikely to accept that these changes are necessary – that they prefer to
believe the comforting stories of denial industries that create fear,
uncertainty and doubt (FUD) etc. However, humans tend to be a herd animal that tends to shift beliefs, habits or behavior
as a group, usually guided by a few leaders. It seems reasonable to assume then that
if 20%? or less of individuals acknowledge the
need to change some of our views and ways of doing things, that this may be
enough to move the herd. What is
needed is that a few good women and men to illuminate the pathway to
change.
Here
are a few examples of what change in
world view’ ,
or zeitgeist that will be
necessary if our species is to survive:
>One
is that in our rich ‘Western’ nations we have for years grown to expect to
benefit from human-rights: But there has been little thought of individual human-responsibility, other than to
obey local and national laws. A few
good local leaders are needed to help the passengers on Spaceship Earth elect regional and
global representatives who will create legislation that embraces the idea
of our common responsibilities for the well-being of our planetary home –
the small blue dot within the cosmos, both at the regional and the global
level.
>Another
essential change is at the very personal level. We generally think of human procreation
as very private matter. It is time
to consider that our (preferably women’s) procreation choices, after one
child, must become a public/planetary issue rather than solely a private
matter. Such a consideration
remains outside of the window of consideration for many. Nevertheless, there is convincing evidence
that seven billion humans are far more than our small blue dot can
sustain.
>We
have grown up using money from a debt-based money system significantly
controlled by private banks with profit motive. While these fiat dollars are created out
of nothing, they enable individuals who hold them to acquire goods and
services – primary elements of wealth. The vast majority of goods are either
mineral-based or products of Gaia.
Mineral-based wealth is non-renewable. Gaia-based wealth has been seen as replenishable
from the living Gaian system of nature – but only up to a specific
yield. Due to two or three
centuries of exponential population increase, many elements of Gaian wealth
are no longer sustainable. We now
live in an overdrawn system of natural wealth that cannot continue to
provide for the demands of today’s massive human populations.
Since
we cannot live without natural wealth, it appears evident then, that we
need to base our monetary wealth, on what sustains us, as suggested in the
header of each chapter of Paradigm
Junction.
Real wealth
is a measurement of a robust ecology
and
of the general health and happiness of the people!
In
the chapters of Section 4, the envisioned money system used in the year
050APC is a commodity-based monetary system where the ‘commodity’ is a
basket of wealth factors that represent what humans need for nourishment,
both physically and emotionally. All
of these wealth factors are
scientifically measurable, and accountable. Since wealth can be measured and accounted for, so must the monetary
wealth, that gives us access to real wealth. As we will see in section 4, this
transparent monetary system can enable us to deal with many other seemingly
intractable wicked problems in today’s world.
Summary
Humans have caused the human
predicament and only humans can make essential corrective actions. As touched on in the Human Nature section of The
Triad, we have evolved with an unusual mix of strengths and
weaknesses. Our survival
capabilities, armed with new communication technologies, are about to be
tested. Multiple reality indicators
are telling us that there will likely be far fewer than today’s 7 billion
humans on this planet less than a 100 years from now. The reduction will be done either by
nature’s impartial means, or it will be by a human-orchestrated plan for
population attrition and reduced resource usage. To follow our governments’ futile
attempts to pursue its business-as-usual course into our collective future
will leave it to nature’s usual cull methods to bring balance to, or
extinction of, The Rogue Species,
as coined in the title of John Livingston’s book [R11].
Survival of the Spaceship
Earth crew depends on implementation of a new system of
governance. And it will be created,
at the edge of chaos [12] where the new is being built as the old breaks down. Throughout all of this we need to adopt
the wisdom of intelligent holistic-thinking people of the past as well as
today. Albert Einstein said:
Concern for man himself and his fate must always form the chief interest
of all technical endeavors...in order that the creations of our mind shall
be a blessing and not a curse to mankind.
<<<<<ó>>>>>
Back to Index http://gaiapc.ca/PJ/1a-Index.pdf
Next to the next chapter: Envisioning A: Those Who Envision http://gaiapc.ca/PJ/4a-ThoseWhoEnvision.pdf
For a summary of how humanity
go into this mess see: http://gaiapc.ca/PJ/6a-Appendic-OurJouneyIntoToday.pdf
This
is an essay written a few years ago that gathers data from writers who have
provided glimpses of the nature of past cultures, long before CE (Common
Era). It then moves into the past
millennia and how the dominator
culture emerged leading to today’s conflict between cultures &
economics against Gaia, the source of life.
References and notes;
R1
2008 Summary of ‘72, Limits To Growth:
After a discussion of the
Closing paragraph:
“... The two missing
ingredients are a realistic, long-term goal that can guide mankind to the
equilibrium society and the human will to achieve that goal. Without such a
goal and a commitment to it, short-term concerns will generate the
exponential growth that drives the world system toward the limits of the
earth and ultimate collapse.
This summary report is also
available from its source at: http://www.clubofrome.org/?p=326
R2
Gar Alperovitz, in his book What we Must Do, explained how
continuous hegemonic lobbying efforts have virtually stripped away “countervailing forces’ of labour unions,
and other measures to contain corporate power; and how corporations, now
recognized as legal persons, can cripple the efforts of any environmental
protection measures that might interfere with profit.” These thoughts run parallel with Naomi
Klein’s This Changes Everything:
Capitalism VS the Climate.
R3
From: The Journal of Business Ethics 2011
The Corporate Psychopaths Theory of the Global
Financial Crisis
Abstract
This short theoretical paper elucidates a plausible theory
about the Global Financial Crisis and the role of senior financial
corporate directors in that crisis. The paper presents a theory of the
Global Financial Crisis which argues that psychopaths working in
corporations and in financial corporations, in particular, have had a major
part in causing the crisis. This paper is thus a very short theoretical
paper but is one that may be extremely important to the future of
capitalism because it discusses significant ways in which Corporate
Psychopaths may have acted recently, to the detriment of many. Further
research into this theory is called for.
http://www.springerlink.com/content/9072633443675517/
>>
R4
Short
video of John Ralston Saul explaining the end of
globalism.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7gZ8ew7ISEg
>>
R5
Welcome To the Anthropocene http://vimeo.com/39048998
A
3-minute journey through the last 250 years of our history, from the start
of the Industrial Revolution to the Rio+20 Summit. The
film charts the development of humanity into a global force on an
equivalent scale to major geological processes.
The film was commissioned by the Planet Under
Pressure conference, London 26-29 March, a major international conference
focusing on solutions.
http://www.planetunderpressure2012.net/
>>
R6
Steps of the denial
industry:
Step 1: Doubt
the science.
Step 2:
Question scientists’ motives and interests.
Step 3:
Magnify legitimate, normal disagreements among scientists and cite gadflies
as authorities.
Step 4:
Exaggerate potential harms (scare the hell out of people).
Step 5:
Appeal to personal freedom (I’m an American and no government official can
tell me what vaccinations I need).
Step 6: Show
that accepting the science would represent a repudiation of a key
philosophy.
http://grist.org/climate-skeptics/the-anatomy-of-denial-why-truth-doesnt-always-win/
National Geographic March
2015 front cover story – “The War On Science”.
>>
R7
From,
The Jobless
Economy, by Martin Ford
As
improvements in computers, robotic technologies, and other forms of job
automation continue to accelerate, more workers are certain to be
displaced, and job creation will become even more challenging. Most
economists dismiss concerns that this might lead to long-term structural
unemployment. Indeed, the idea often elicits outright derision. The
conservative media in the United States recently mocked President Barack
Obama for suggesting that automation might hurt employment growth. But
Obama was right to raise the question.
http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/mford1/English
>>
R8
NY Attorney General Sues Federal
Government Over Fracking
The federal government is being sued for allowing natural gas
drilling, which involves the potentially harmful "fracking"
technique, without conducting a full environmental review. New York Attorney
General Eric T. Schneiderman announced a lawsuit
yesterday <http://www.ag.ny.gov/>
that seeks to compel federal agencies to conduct an environmental review
before the regulations authorizing gas drilling in the Delaware River Basin
are finalized. Obviously, this goes against the gas industry's motto of
"frack first, question later."
>>
R9
US
Treasury Bills.
< http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/data-chart-center/tic/Documents/mfh.txt >
This is the official page from the US Treasury listing which country holds
what in terms of US Treasury securities (as well as the overall totals). It
only updates once a month but carries a decent amount of weight on the
global securities and exchange markets. (Update is usually around the 17th
of the month and is a month and a half in arrears). China holds less than $
1 trillion from these numbers.
http://www.treasurydirect.gov/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Treasury_security
>>
R10
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_returned_on_energy_invested
A short published
essay by Don Chisholm explains EI:EO at:
http://www.countysustainability.ca/energy_in_vs_energy%20out.html
Professor Charlie Hall
http://scitizen.com/future-energies/charlie-hall-s-balloon-graph_a-14-1305.html
>>
R11
The Rogue Primate book
written by John Livingston during his final years as professor of Ecological Studies, York University
Toronto. He had been a
broadcaster and naturalist for many years. This writer had several written
exchanges with Livingston just before he retired in 1996. A brief review of his book is here: http://www.lucifer.com/~ken/reviews/rogue_primate.htm
>>
R12
At the
edge of chaos: Below are some web
sites that show the diversity of this area of thought.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_of_chaos
http://aidontheedge.info/
<<<<<<<<<<
End of Reference section>>>>>>>>>>>>
Next to the next chapter: Envisioning A: Those Who Envision http://gaiapc.ca/PJ/4a-ThoseWhoEnvisioningA.pdf
<<<<End
of section>>>
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