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Paradigm Junction: An
Overview Essay
This essay summarizes
the story within the chapters of the web booklet, Paradigm Junction – the chapters are linked in the left. The booklet and this essay are written as
a ‘living document’, meaning the chapters may be updated to a new revision
number through a vetting procedure. This
overview essay has 12 brief sections as noted below:
Preliminary
Considerations:
Introduced are two
possible futures. One where
we-the-people allow our governments to continue the pursuit of economic and
population growth – until mother nature, Gaia, changes our paradigm (world
view) for us. The second possible
future involves a change in human management – to where we blend our top
level economic and political systems as suggested in the Blue Planet Governance proposal,
wherein human civilization becomes guided by the well-being indicators of our
planet’s systems of life.
Paradigm Paralysis:[i]
This section
opens with a one paragraph, story to
live by, penned by Rev. Thomas Berry.
The theme of this story flows throughout this paper. Berry’s story is followed by an
explanation of the nature of the paradigm
paralysis that inhibits us from changing our course toward a viable future
Embracing
change:
Here are a few quotes about today’s world and about the nature of the
changes that could lead us toward a sustainable paradigm. The Blue
Planet Governance proposal is based on the wisdom of such people.
A metaphorical look at the intertwine of energy
and money:
The expenditure of energy is the lifeblood of civilization. But
this energy release is dependent on a companion monetary economic system to
facilitate our exchanges in goods and services. Thus monetary flow control can be seen as
a regulator of human-activity. In
our envisioned paradigm, monetary flow control will be based on Earth
sciences data and human psychology in order to guide dynamic regulation of
human-activity.
Preview:
Here we have a brief outline view of Blue Planet Governance on
the scale of Regions of the world and the organization called, United
Regions (UR), a chaordic organization that is created by the Regions of the
world, to act on behalf of Regions of the world, in order to govern areas that
are beyond the purview of any one region.
Elements of
System Design:
As a short version of Chapter 2b-Dynamic Systems, the nature of dynamic systems is presented. This essential background information is needed
in order to understand how dynamic regulation of the monetary system can be
achieved and how gross human-activity can be regulate in a means that will
be acceptable to people of all creeds and cultures – except, perhaps
today’s Gods of Money who
currently control the regulation of money J[ii].
Management
System:
Discussed are modern systems such as chaordic organizations or quality
assurance (QA) systems that are modern large and small corporations. QA systems are essential to achieving a
common goal of delivering products that consistently meet design intent. These system are subject to 3rd
party audit to ensure compliance.
Envisioning:
Any new design requires a sketches of the desired finished product. Introduced are some of the historical
leaders in ‘post normal’ speculates who have commented on the design of viable
forms of global governance.
Human
Nature:
Since we humans are the ones that need to be governed, the nature of Blue
Planet Governance, and the approach take to regulate human-activity,
must be designed to accommodate our psychological characteristics. Some of these considerations are
discussed in this section.
Regionalization:
Today there is a growing meta movement toward smaller political entities as
can be verified by a search on ‘separatist movements’. This is a positive trend that can enhance
the acceptance of Blue Planet
Governance as a means of mutual cooperation and support during the
chaotic transition to the new paradigm.
Governance Design Outline -
in Backcast:
As used in the last 3 chapters of Section 4 of Paradigm Junction, the backcast narrates what life would/could
be like 50 years After Paradigm Change (050APC), and
also the nature of the United Regions
(UR) and it’s mandate to govern.
Q & A:
A series of questions and answers.
<<<<=>>>>
Preliminary Considerations:
In the early ’70’s the Limits
To Growth [iii]
booklet illustrated that if the Business
As Usual (BAU) paradigm of growth were to continue, early in this 21st
century planet Earth’s web of life would begin to unravel. Today scientists
tell us that as a result of exponential growth in human-activity we have
entered the era of the sixth great extinction of many biological lifeforms,
element of our the web of life.
Global warming is unfolding as science predicted and we now approach
peak oil – oil, the energy source of virtually all transport in our
industrial world. As the ‘Limits’
booklet illustrated a half century ago human civilization’s growth paradigm is quite
incompatible with our finite small blue planet, as illustrated by the Ecological
Footprint organization, we are in overshoot of Earth’s resources by a
factor of 1.4.
The operational premise of Paradigm
Junction is that the drivers of growth are easily identifiable. However, implementation of effective
corrective measures require a few high level economic, political and social
changes that are unlikely to be implemented
as long as the corporate capitalism system coupled to the debt-based money
creation system continue to function.
Fortunately there are many indicators[iv]
that suggest this this global system may soon collapse. Prior to this final collapse it is
essential that we establish the shadow economic, political and framework of
the next paradigm. Today there are
many social change initiatives that are highly compatible with structures
and goals of Blue Planet Governance,
as describe later in this essay.
––> Without significant change in humanity’s geopolitical, social and
economic growth, our next paradigm is likely to consist of continued
ecological deterioration with resource wars accelerating the process. This continuation enhances the likelihood
of human extinction[v]
along with the continuing extinction of a large swath of planet Earth’s
sacred web of life – Gaia[vi].
––>The Paradigm
Junction chapters speculate on the possibility of a much better
outcome.
In the form of a story to live by,
the dynamic social, political and economic mechanics of Blue Planet Governance will
quantify the many diverse types of vital Gaian resources and human
infrastructure that enable human civilization to exist. Collectively, these resources and
infrastructure elements represent real
wealth (the lifeblood of civilization, as described later). These metrics can provide the information
essential for generating a dynamic feedback capable of reducing human-activity toward levels
sustainable within the Gaian web of life.
As the Pareto principle advises it is likely that a significant majority
of people will never be convinced of the dire need to implement negative
growth in human-activity. But
fortunately, the principle dynamic element capable of direct regulation of human-activity is money: People of
all cultures and beliefs are influenced by money. While money is just a promissory token,
it provides us access to wealth – i.e. real
wealth, as define in the header above.
In the potential future world of Blue Planet Governance, scientific measurement of the many
parameters that go into real wealth
will provide data to enable them to become the commodity basis for
humanity’s means of exchange of goods and services - the Real Wealth Monetary Economic
System (RWMES). Chapter 3a Money Corporations Politics (MCP) describes why changes to the money system
provide the keys to our survival.
The essential
infrastructure of the real wealth
monetary economic system will need to be significantly developed prior
to the next economic collapse. This
collapse can become our window of opportunity for the Blue Planet Governance model to become relevant, indeed,
essential. Historically, economic
collapses and Jubilee events are well document. A recent credible analysis[vii]
based on today’s real world data suggests the next collapse may begin in
very soon. Fortunately, today many
social change initiatives already flow toward the features within the Blue Planet Governance scenario,
such as the use of chaordic organizations[viii], localization, and
subsidiary[ix]
principles.
~~~
Paradigm Paralysis:
Blue Planet Governance – A unifying story to live
by!
The industrial
context in which we presently function cannot be changed significantly in
the immediate future. Our immediate
survival is bound up in this context, with all its benefits as well as its
destructive aspects. What is needed, however, is a comprehensive change in
the control and direction of the energies available to us. Most of all we need to alter our
commitment from an industrial wonderland achieved by plundering processes
to an integral Earth community based on a mutual enhancing human-earth
relationship. This move from an
anthropocentric sense of reality and values to a biocentric norm is
essentially.
Rev. Thomas Berry [x] – ‘88 Dream of the Earth p30)
Elements of a Paradigm:
v
Our
lives are guided by stories.
v
We
make them up: Over time they become real.
v
Stories
form the basis of games we play and the laws we live by.
v
Once
reified, they provide our spiritual, cultural and political guidance.
v
Most
simple guiding stories are capable of change to accommodate changing
physical or social realities.
But sometimes stories become intertwined interactive and
interdependent in a large, even on a global scale, becoming a social complexity [xi] where
various legal jurisdictions control ‘their’ component part of the holistic
global story: This can lead to irreversible reification where inflexibly
stymies need change when one or more of the key interdependent intertwined
stories are no longer congruent with the world’s physical or social realities. Today, paradigm paralysis has set in like rigormortis
– our government leaders have become mired in pursuit of endless growth
even though vital indicators tell us the human footprint is well beyond the
carrying capacity of our small blue planet. A few years after the Limits To Growth report, the Club Of Rome invited several world
leaders of the 1970’s era (i.e., Pierre Trudeau etc.) to discuss the
implications of the report. The
leaders indicated they understood the dire future implications of the
report. But: “At the
end of the meeting, one of the leaders spoke for the group saying that they
understood what our future appears to holds, “But were he to act on this substantially, he would be out of
office, not at the next election, but in a few months”., as quoted in a
letter from Alexander King, co-founder Club Of Rome
None of today’s
competing cooperating trading nation states are individually able to change
the story of our times and the United Nations simply does not have the
mandate to act as a top level arbitrator in such issues.
Man makes many tools and uses them effectively in various
fields of his activity,
but he is always exposing himself to the tyranny of the tools he has made.
The result is that he is no more master of himself, but an abject slave to
his surroundings,
and the worst thing is that he is not conscious of this fact.
Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki, Zen
philosophical writer in 1949
We have an
environmental, atmospheric, energy and population crisis. The reason for making points about our
entanglement and reification of obsolete guiding stories is not only to
explain why corrective measure have not been taken but also to help dispel the
belief held by many educated observers who have looked into the human predicament,[xii] and who claim that
humans have no control over our current tragic trajectory for a variety of
reasons. One is that, as one of
nature’s creatures, we are simply incapable of escaping Malthus’ dire
projections of overgrowth and die-off.
Another common claim is that, like all matter within the universe,
we humans are subject to the Maximum Power Principle (MPP)[xiii] that implies that we will spend all available energy. While our trajectory to date makes it
appear that either or both of these theories are corrected, there is no
convincing evidence these ideas need apply to cognitive secular
societies. Individuals, families and
relatively small groups have often budgeted energy use and limited
population growth as needed, based on a measured assessment of available
resources over a relevant period of time.
Here, the local limits to
growth, among other considerations, is measured, acknowledge, and human
reason generates feedback to influence local decision making. However, when individuals or relatively
small political regions are politically and economically integrated within
a much larger social complexity, as explained above, flexibility and the
ability to measure and react is diminished: Hardin’s Tragedy of The commons [xiv] is played out on a global scale - today no
one is in charge.
Embracing change:
As commented by Albert Einstein:
There is no salvation for civilization, or even
the human race, other than by the creation of a world government.
It is essential
that we think beyond the casket of corporate governance and to envision and
then develop a form of Blue Planet
Governance that is capable of enabling essential paradigm change,
change wherein the integrity of our small blue planets’ living systems –
Gaia – will become humanity’s guiding quest.
Our new story is
based on the wisdom of many thinkers and writers. This text will continue to be sprinkled
with references to some of these. For example, here’s a recent comment from an internet
discussion group:
Today’s global polity needs our
attention because it is as ugly as fascism. It is violent, destructive,
dangerous and expensive. It is incomprehensibly violent and destructive as
witnessed in Aleppo or in Mosul. It creates deadly danger for all by
threatening the application of nuclear weapons. It is expensive due to the
costly arms race, which the existing political reality requires. We live in
a global anarchy of self-centered sovereign nations vying for hegemony and
carelessly ruining our “Lebensraum”, the ecosystem. This is a nightmare.
How can we tolerate and even hang on to such a bad political culture?
Physics Professor Helmut Burkhardt
(2017)
Buckminster
Fuller famously said:
You never change things by fighting the
existing reality. To change something, build a new model that makes the
existing model obsolete."
In consideration
of building that new model, in his book Designing
Freedom, cyberneticist Stafford Beer wrote in 1972:
I am proposing simply that society should use its
tools to redesign its
institutions, and to operate those institutions quite differently. You can imagine all
the problems. But the first and gravest problem is in the mind, screwed
down by all those cultural constraints. You will not need a lot of learning
to understand what I am saying: what you will need is intellectual freedom.
It is a free gift for all who have the courage to accept it. Remember: our
culture teaches us not intellectual courage, but intellectual conformity.
A key point in Beer’s book is that only the large
governing institutions need change, but most lower-levels of government
activities would remain relatively unchanged[xv]. As stated by Rev. Berry, What is needed, however, is a
comprehensive change in the control and direction of the energies available
to us.
But such change does not come
easy and will likely be somewhat chaotic as warned in The Structure of
Scientific Revolutions: Thomas Kuhn wrote that "the successive transition from one
paradigm to another via revolution is the usual developmental pattern of
mature science.[xvi]
The story of Blue Planet
Governance will be a unifying story to live by because
it provide a common shared vision showing how we can untangle our social
complexity by providing regional governments the tools to measure and
respond to their growth limits when provided vital information. Tragically, the ability to act and react is
not available to them today. Change
can happen when regional governments and small nations unite to
collectively form an organization that will establish essential unifying
standards and guidelines and that will provide vital information about
their real wealth, their well-being
their available energy along with other key data.
Within this text
the word human-activity is hyphenated to convey that it means the product
of gross human numbers (population) times our gross activity as measured in
per capita resource throughput. We
also use the name, Gaia, the mythical goddess of Earth, to represent the
complex, sun energized, interactive systems of nature of which we humans are
a part. We hope that this
personalized name will help us gain a degree of caring fondness, a
spiritual attachment of love and respect for the marvelous world of nature
that brings us joy and sustenance every day. Here we can find guidance from many
aboriginal societies.
~~~
A metaphorical look at the intertwine of energy and money:
Limits to Growth VS TINA
TINA, There Is No Alternate, was coined by
UK’s Margaret Thatcher in 1980 to reinforce the idea that the paradigm of
neoliberal growth-oriented debt-based monetary system had no alternate.
And to date, she
has been right! We live in (Berry) “an industrial wonderland achieved by
plundering processes!” The
plundering processes emerged from intertwining stories that jelled over
centuries of exploration and conquest that grew out of an empty world
perspective. But the paradigm
paralysis that solidified the intermesh of the global commons, of nation
states, and of global wars and of trade and commerce left no government
thoughts of ‘limits’ and the finitude and fragility of the of the Gaian
systems of nature.
For many decades
there has been a growing acknowledgment of the obvious, that TINA’s
infinite growth in human-activity imperative is incompatible with our
finite world: But reification of our human created guiding stories have caused
our civilized monetized industrialized world to reach
social-political-economic gridlock, or paradigm paralysis where BAU
(Business As Usual) drives us deeper into overshoot of earth’s resources.
In pursuit of Reverend Thomas Berry’s recommendations in the lead-in
quote, we set the stage with a metaphorical story of - The Money/Energy dancing duo, as the 300 year old couple move
to the rhythm of the TINA Tango:
We might think of fossil energy as golden
nuggets of highly concentrated energy found in Pandora’s ample box of
tricks. The coal, the gas, the oil, all have gone into enabling human
population growth to surge from about 500 million to over 7 billion in a
mere 300 years. But Energy was not
alone in this exponential growth adventure.
To capitalize on growth
potential, Energy needed a dancing partner capable of a fast tango, it
needed a Monetary Economic System (MES) to facilitate the ever expanding
volume of exchanges in goods and services that were, and still are, mostly
enabled by fossil Energy. Over the
years, sapient humans kept modifying the MES in order to expand the money
supply to meet accelerating Energy demand to facilitate needed goods and
services to accommodate exponential growth in human-activity. Within this roughly 300 year window the
MES changed from a commodity basis of gold and silver and then to debt-based bank computer-generated data. Now the MES has infinite expansion
capability on the Money side.
Indeed, the conductors of the MES orchestra have developed their
music such that debt-based ‘M’ will collapse without continuous growth of
‘E’. With such vast amounts of money
flowing in and out of banks and industry it is not surprising that those in
charge have felt a sense of entitlement at their success. Constant
hegemonism over time has enabled corporations and banks to cajole
government rule-makers to tip the money scales heavily in their favour,
resulting in today’s vast economic and energy-use $dollar wealth inequity.
However, the fossil energy dancing partner, like the rest of the
Gaian biophysical world, is finite: And shortages are bringing this tango
to its inevitable conclusion while M still grows in the form of debt,
inflation and wealth of the 1%.
Fossil fuels with a high EROEI ratio are ending.[xvii] If humans were truly sapient our leaders
could change the music to a slow dance, perhaps The Last Waltz, or Goodnight
Sweetheart, couples leave the floor and we could adjust the monetary
dancing partner in close concert with the diminishing biophysical wealth on
our small blue planet.
Note: If the music stops suddenly
tragedy will likely be swift for today’s billions of humans.
We need a Blue Planet
Governance lifeboat!
From this metaphorical story we conclude that in order to exercise
any sort of control of the global rhythm of human-activity our new story
must include a form of dynamic regulation of the MES – the Monetary Economic System. Other than barter or goodwill, money
facilitates all exchanges in goods and services. For the vast majority of individuals,
available money is generally a consideration in our purchases. And where women are free-and-equal monetary
affluence influences procreation considerations. Since we know that human-activity is
regulated to a significant degree by monetary affluence, we need to develop
an intelligent monetary flow
control to become a key regulatory
element[xviii] of human-activity. This will be a key understanding as we
develop our unifying story that is capable of bringing changes as Berry
suggests: “Most of all we need to alter our commitment
from an industrial wonderland achieved by plundering processes to an
integral Earth community based on a mutual enhancing human-earth
relationship. This move from an anthropocentric sense of reality
and values to a biocentric norm is essentially.”
As described in later sections, the new economic system will be based
on Real Wealth where “Real wealth is a
measurement of a robust ecology and of the general health and happiness of
the people! (as penned by Riane Eisler in her 2007 book, The
Real Wealth Of Nations). The Real
Wealth Monetary Economic System (RWMES) – using
Gaia$ - will be based on a multiple factors (Wealth Factors) that are
derived from scientific assessment of the Real Wealth of any
region. This enables the power of Per
Capita Dynamics [xix]
to influence the activities of individuals, corporations and governments and
encourages them to live within their means.
This is in sharp contrast to today’s world reserve currency [xx] that is orchestrated by
the US Federal Reserve, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization. Most of today’s money is issued as debt
by commercial banks.[xxi] Large ones such as Fanny Mae, Citibank,
were saved from the 2008 economic meltdown because these commercial
entities have become essential components today’s governance. The danger presented by corporate control
of the money system was foreseen by Thomas Jefferson in 1860 with this
comment:
If
the American people ever allow the banks to control the issuance of the
currency, first by inflation, and then by deflation, the banks and
corporations that will grow up around them will deprive the people of all
property, until their children wake up homeless on the continent their
fathers conquered. The issuing power
of money should be taken from banks and restored to Congress and the people
to whom it belongs. I sincerely believe the banking institutions have the
issuing power of money, are more dangerous to liberty than standing armies.
No doubt, the many thousands of people who control the fiat,
debt-based money world will be reviled by the thought of taking the MES out
of their hands in a Jubilee-like event.
But most of these people are among the “One Percent”, the term made
famous by the “Occupy Wall St. Movement” in the fall of 2011 that suffered
a slow and agonizing death at the hands of TINA - the lack of an alternate.
The proposed Blue Planet Governance design suggests a viable alternate to enable creative leaders within
the 99% to take a role in changing the story. Just how such a transition might play out
is anyone’s guess, but it helps to acknowledge that, one way or another, we
are at a historic Paradigm Junction[xxii] and it is essential to
have a viable alternate before TINA’s growth imperative drives us deeper
into overshoot of our energy and biophysical world. For several decades respected scientists[xxiii] have speculated that
humans may be extinct, or nearly so, before the turn of the next
century.
A poignant motivating statement is penned by Professor Lester
Malbrath:
Our common journey promises to be challenging and exciting even
though difficult. It will be much easier and more likely successful
if we face it optimistically with a deep understanding of the pace and
character of social transformation. Those given the gift of
understanding will become the conscious mind of the biocommunity, a global
mind that will guide and hasten the transformation. Those who
understand what is happening to our world are not free to shrink from this
responsibility.
Preview:
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Figure 1:
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In mid 2015, with
public resistance in Germany was growing due to the large numbers of
refugees, Chancellor Angela Merkel made a comment to this effect: But we don’t know how many people
Germany can safely absorb! This
comment underlies one of the greatest human management failures of our
times. It’s time to correct this
potentially fatal knowledge deficit.
Figure 1 is a block overview of what the
geopolitical world could look like 50 years after Paradigm Change, wherein most autonomous Regions of the world
that have created the United Regions,
a global organization that is mandated to establish a package of global
standards based on the understanding that, you
can't manage what you don't measure[xxiv], and is therefore guided by:
Ø
The sciences that define and measure our
biophysical and energy world;
Ø
Our accumulated understanding of
psychology, human nature and human needs;
Ø
The growing understanding and management
of complex dynamic systems.
Section Four of Paradigm Junction envisions the
development of a viable Real Wealth
Monetary Economic System (RW-MES), a paperless currency that will be
based on a basket of measured resource factors. Although somewhat subjective, each of
these ‘wealth factors’ are measurable today. This currency will facilitate trade and
commerce between regions of the world.
This ‘region oriented’ system can be modularly expandable, region by
region, as opportunities arise and more regions acknowledge the
benefits. Opportunities are likely
to arise from collapsing elements of the existing malignant growth-driven
economic system, and/or the difficulties imposed by the fossil energy
downslope. But prior to collapse it
is imperative that we establish a comprehensive alternate to TINA: We must
have a plan that can find wide-ranging public acceptance and gain some
level of integration as we move deeper into the inevitable Paradigm
Junction that will define our common future.
The Blue Planet Governance plan should be seen as a proposal
capable of bring about a global syntropy
[xxv],
a reversal of the entropy that now envelops human civilization. In his 2011 book, What Then Must We Do, Gar Alperovitz[xxvi] alludes
to the thousands of social change initiatives working towards correcting the
symptoms of today’s growth-driven governance. But they work in relative isolation. Since many of these efforts tend to run
parallel to heading of this Blue Planet Governance proposal, their
individual efforts can gain a significant synergetic boost when they become
part of this systemic and comprehensive socio/political/economic
paradigm-change initiative.
Note on other governance
design initiatives:
[xxvii]
We acknowledge there are other efforts to design ‘Global Governance’ initiatives with many similarities with Blue Planet Governance. While much can be learned from these
valuable initiatives, none appear to be designed as an integral dynamic
system wherein scientific data is gathered on key indicators of planetary
and human wellbeing. These
indicators provide input data that regulates the money supply, which is
capable of dynamic regulation of gross human-activity, as needed to move
civilization toward a sustainable footprint on the Gaian living systems on
earth, as explained below.
Elements of System Design:
Dynamic Systems
considerations: 2b-Dynamic
Systems
Even though the world around
us functions in dynamic rhythms, relatively few people think in systems dynamics terms. It is not taught in high school
curriculum or in college unless one specializes in an area dependent on
systems analysis.
The web page of the Systems
Dynamics Society makes reference to many systems thinkers such as:
Dennis Meadows, Gregory Bateson, Kenneth Boulding, and Stafford Beer. The society’s web page has an excellent
section describing basic systems components, copied in Figure 2 below. All of these components are integral
considerations within the suggested Blue
Planet Governance design:
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System structure
(Copy from the Dynamic
Systems Society)
http://www.systemdynamics.org/what-is-s/
These ideas are captured in
Forrester’s (1969) organizing framework for system
structure:
Ø
Goal
Ø
Observed condition
Ø
Discrepancy
Ø
Desired action
Figure
2
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Systemic
Structures: All good systemic structures, both the
mechanical systems and soft systems (related to management), have the
structural components listed here.
·
Closed
Boundary
As in the
header of this Overview, a picture of Earth taken from space, as Carl Sagan
reminds us, our only home just, a
pale blue dot [xxviii]. Beyond this, we appear to be hanging in
space, all alone. Energy flow, in
and out, seems to be our only constant cosmic visitor.
In
systems-thinking, the closed-boundary idea is an important big-picture
means of visualizing both systems and subsystems as relatively autonomous
as far as internal functions are concerned.
In our area of interest these are close boundary items:
Planet
Earth, and the United Regions Blue Planet Governance;
Regions of Earth and
their elected government;
Municipal
or city governments;
Corporations,
their shareholders and chairman;
Individual
entrepreneurs;
Family
groups;
Individuals.
Within
each of these largely autonomous units many functions are performed little
external input. However, there will
be a degree of interdependence even though each system is essentially
closed. Our body is to a large
degree a fully autonomous system, and yet, to sustain ourselves, we need
nourishment from the system of Gaia – air, food and water. The heart and other organs operate
semi-autonomously doing whatever they were groomed to do through evolution.
o
Feedback
Loops
Each
dynamic system has a measurable output.
Part of that output can be fed back as input control criteria in
order to increase or decrease the instantaneous output that drives toward
the target level or goal.
§ Level and Rates
Feedback
error, or signal, is a measure of the difference between actual condition
and the desired condition (goal).
The feedback information must consider both the level of the
corrective action needed, and the rate at which the system is to making the
corrective action. The rate of
approaching target is another consideration in most systems.
Ø Goal
As the
New York Yankee catcher Yogi Berra famously stated, If you don’t know where you are goin’ that’s where you’ll end up! And that is our problem today. Other than the infinite growth imperative
of TINA, today’s human civilization does not have a viable defined goal.
The pinnacle goal of the Blue Planet Governance processes is to eventually reduce
human-activity to a level that that can be sustained within the Gaian
system of nature.
Ø Observed Condition
Regarding
the Gaian system that sustains us, there are very large error signals. Observed conditions indicate the planet’s
systems of life are significantly stressed from the growing human
footprint. Lester Brown, David
Suzuki, International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the Ecological Footprint organization,
and dozens of other individuals and organizations give reports on the state
of the land, the water, and our fellow species indicating that now our
whole system of life is in a state of rapid decline. The growth paradigm of today has no means
of integrating this dire information into vitally needed sociopolitical
heading change.
Ø Discrepancy
The
amplitude of error signal determines the needed level of corrective
feedback.
Ø Desired Action
The
desired action is to establish feedback that will dynamically regulate
human-activity in such a way that global society will be on a course toward
sustainability, but at a maximum rate of change that functioning human
societies can tolerate.
Management System:
Government systems designers can adopt a great deal of wisdom
from large corporations that have established a form of system dynamics
called Quality Assurance. A few decades after WWII, after his ideas
were rejected in USA, Edward Deming took his dynamic ideas to Japan auto
makers. As their cars were
considered inferior at the time, they accepted Deming’s proposals. The results were spectacular! After Deming’s new dynamic systems approaches, the quality improved rapidly, and
soon Japanese cars and other products were considered among the world’s
best. The principles Deming
introduced are now used throughout the progressive industrial world and the
techniques have been enshrined in the International
Standards Organization (ISO) [xxix]. When a company has received an ISO9000
approval, they are recognized has having adopted the ISO standards of
quality-regulated
manufacturing.
A multinational manufacturing corporation works
with hundreds of semi-autonomous departments and branches, often in
different nations. The common goal is to produce a quality
product that will bring profits. The
QA system can be seen as a well-documented governance system that
establishes goals, measures all steps along the way of the manufacturing
process. Any measured deviation from
standards is corrected through positive or negative feedback. One principal ingredient in human
management is to have, maximum
autonomy and responsibility at the lowest practical level. Regular third-party audits ensure
system information integrity. The envisioned Blue
Planet Governance will use such concepts.
The idea of a chaordic
organization [xxx]
is another applicable management tool.
The organization called the United Regions (UR) will be a chaordic
organization that is created by, and exists for, the benefit
of the collective of largely autonomous regions of the world. The executive branch members of UR will
be elected by the regions. The
needed scientists, economist, actuaries, psychologists and other
specialists are to be appointed by the UR executive branch. The UR operates somewhat like the
corporate headquarters of a global company.
Every regional government is a UR stakeholder.
Envisioning:
Aleksander
Herzen, speaking a century ago to a group of anarchists about how to
overthrow the czar, reminded his listeners that it was not their job to
save a dying system but to replace it: “We think we are the doctors. We are
the disease. All resistance must recognize that the body politic and global
capitalism are dead. We should stop wasting energy trying to reform or
appeal to it. This does not mean the end of resistance, but it does mean
very different forms of resistance. It means turning our energies toward
building sustainable communities to weather the coming crisis, since we
will be unable to survive and resist without a cooperative effort.”
….from Chris Hedges’ 2010 book Zero Point Of Systemic Collapse
For the past half century, Donella Meadows was a leading-edge
thinker about future issues. She was
co-researcher and writer of the controversial book, Limits to Growth, in 1972.
Three decades later, in 1992, the Meadows team published, Beyond the Limits: Confronting Global
Collapse and Envisioning a Sustainable Future.
The late Donella Meadows was quite experienced
in the business of the future, quoted here is an abstract of a keynote speech she gave at a meeting of the International Society for Ecological Economics, in 1994.
Vision is the most
vital step in the policy process. If we don’t know where we want to go, it
makes little difference that we make great progress. Yet vision is not only
missing almost entirely from policy discussions; it is missing from our
whole culture. We talk about our fears, frustrations, and doubts endlessly,
but we talk only rarely and with embarrassment about our dreams.
Environmentalists have been especially ineffective in creating any shared
vision of the world they are working toward -- a sustainable world in which
people live within nature in a way that meets human needs while not
degrading natural systems. Hardly anyone can imagine that world, especially
not as a world they’d actively like to live in. The process of building a
responsible vision of a sustainable world is not a rational one. It comes
from values, not logic. Envisioning is a skill that can be developed, like
any other human skill. This paper indicates how.
In his ‘98 book, Earth at a Crossroads: Paths to a Sustainable Future, Professor
Hartmut Bossel uses the term, pathways
to the future, in his envisioning effort. Bossel’s book is primarily about dynamic
systems and how they can apply to social organizations such as
governments. As such, Bossel’s pathways scenario has many details
that are closely aligned to the Blue Planet Governance model including the need for
a new and different monetary system.
In a paragraph to justify the need to change society to operate by
dynamic principles Bossel explains why something less will simply not
work. In a “Reality Check for Path
B” he states:
Path B flies in the face of
current mainstream economic thinking.
It would require drastic changes in the current system. It would have to turn around very strong
current development trends. So is it
realistic? And above all, is it
really necessary to change the current system so much to make it
sustainable? Couldn’t we perhaps
just introduce small changes in the present system to achieve the same
result? No. In looking for another riverbed of future
development, one tries to find a solution that is as close as possible to
the old one. Path B is as close to
the old one as sustainability would allow.
If one compromises on this or that, the path is no longer sustainable.
Even though the dynamics of the monetary system would be
significantly changed, Bossel goes to great lengths to assure the reader
that he is introducing nothing different from others who envision change
toward sustainability. He points out
that suggested different social scenarios do not need to be immediate, and
can evolve over time, at different paces in different places. These thoughts are in close alignment
with this Blue
Planet Governance proposal, which also speculates on how the social transition
may occur by dovetailing with many of the growing number of existing
localization movements.
Here is a list of 14 comments based on Bossel’s
book that are in line with the background thinking for Blue Planet Governance:
Ø
Globalisation in its current form be should be seen as evil.
Ø
To change the way the money system operates is a prerequisite for
any successful change effort.
Ø
We have common understanding of the nature of the and importance of
systems thinking.
Ø
Individuals can learn to accept a feeling of moral responsibility
toward our common future and of those who will follow.
Ø
We must accept that we are a part of nature, not a special species.
Ø
Global standards must be developed and respected with regard to the
environment, trade and other areas of common interests. These standards will apply to largely
autonomous regional governments.
Ø
While a few common standards are essential, a robust system requires
diversity of subsystem components such as diverse local cultural practices
within communities and regions.
Ø
“The unaccountable shareholder”, must be removed from control of
local resources, e.g., absentee private or corporate landlords.
Ø
Private ownership of global resources such as land, minerals, water,
etc., must end.
Ø
Money available for human-activity must be dynamically tied to the
availability of replenish-ability of resources to support the activity.
Ø
Trade sanctions or tariffs must be the primary tools to coerce
reluctant regions into participation in the global BPG trade network via agreements
and standards – instead of war.
Ø
Subjects related to sustaining the living systems of our small blue
planet should be taught in schools from an early age. An understanding of foundational issues
must become a prerequisite to the right to vote.
Ø
Regions need to actively influence procreation considerations their
populations.
Ø
Regions need to have their own currencies.
Ø
There needs to be an agreed balance between one’s personal right to
procreate, and the right of people of the region to have a sustainable
future.
It is useful to bear in mind that these recommended changes should be
seen as simply changing the rules of the game. Humans made the rules, humans can change
the rules…. can’t we?
Historically, when a significant
regime change has been forced on a population it is often brought about
with the backup of military force.
But handed-down cultures of the world resist such change and
individuals remain disenfranchised for generations.[xxxi] Paradigm change toward the next system
must be rooted in a distributed groundswell growing out of localizations,
regionalization and finally geographic Regions working together to build
the centralized United Regions.
Today we have global communications systems giving us the capability
to communicate the benefits of Blue
Planet Governance throughout the world. According to scientific projections, time
available for change is short: We must break the TINA curse and not let BAU
continue its plundering process much longer as grave consequences of Ecocide
[xxxii]
are being reported daily.
So we are left with a stark choice: allow
climate disruption to change everything about our world, or change pretty
much everything about our economy to avoid that fate. But we need to be
very clear: because of our decades of collective denial, no gradual,
incremental options are now available to us.
This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. The Climate - Naomi
Klein, 2014 p19)
Human Nature:
An understanding of human nature and human ‘real’ needs must be
central to design of the next system.
Blue
Planet Governance
Paradigm Shift from the bottom up
We, the People:
|
Primary
Spheres
of human Influence, 3, 2, and 1
|
|
|
The
Macro # 3
Politics
and Government
|
|
The
Meso # 2
Physical,
Socio-cultural
& Community and environment
|
|
The
Micro # 1
Individuals,
family, close friends
|
Global human activity consists of individual humans, couples,
families, communities, regions, states and nations in action. Sociopsychology
[xxxiii]
informs us that our individual behaviour is influenced somewhat by Macro,
Meso and Micro levels. However, the
level of influence drops rapidly as we move out from Micro, individuals,
families and close friends.
Macro level # 3
Ignorance of the human predicament, or avoidance, or denial, or a feeling
of helplessness, will prevent the vast majority of people from accepting
the need for significant change in the story of our times. But from the Pareto Principle[xxxiv],
we speculate that early leaders may be from 2% to 20% of us who are willing
to accept the reality of our times and who feel personal responsibility to
accept the challenge of developing new ways of doing a few things. These leaders can network internationally,
they can construct the framework for regional governments by building on
existing localization initiatives in the areas of local currencies or
worker owned enterprises. And it
will be a few of these pioneers that will draft the first stages of documentation
that define the constitution of the United Regions.
Meso level #2
Here personal choices are influenced by local peer pressure and
interactions with neighbours, with church groups or other local
organizations, including the county or city or regional governments. All individuals will feel the pinch of
reduced affluence when the regional government is assessed with a
relatively low wealth factor per capita assessment, especially when they
have been made aware that their personal choices can improve the situation.
The Micro Level #1
All human activity involves individuals.
Since ‘self’ and very close relationships are capable of making
responses quickly and effectively to outside influence, this suggests that
if we are to make a significant heading change in the global ship-of-state,
the most influential place to start would be at the micro level. And it would be best to focus that
influence in an acceptable and familiar manner that is blind to an
individual’s culture, religion, or to their acceptance of any or all
symptoms or causes of the human predicament. Money is acceptable and familiar to all
of us. For most of us, our monetary
affluence influences our resource throughput - activity. Where women
are educated, free and equal, such affluence also influences procreation
choices. The views of family and a
close circle of friends often influence these decisions.
It appears that a dynamically
regulated monetary system is the only viable way to modify global
human-activity.
Per
Capita Dynamics: Finding a CURE for TINA (CURE – Cybernetic United
Regions Endeavors)
In the Limits To Growth
VS TINA section the idea of a new economic system based on Real Wealth was introduced where “Real wealth
is a measurement of a robust ecology and of the general health and
happiness of the people”. In the
envisioned Blue Planet
Governance, the Real Wealth Monetary Economic
System (Gaia$) becomes the operational currency of the world. It will be based on many factors (Wealth
Factors), indicators that are based on scientific assessment from an
ongoing auditing process that measure the Real Wealth of each region
of the world. There are wide ranging
factors, such as:
·
The status of various ecological categories -
hectares of wetlands or forests, etc.;
·
The region’s replenishable water sources;
·
The region’s renewable energy development;
·
The region’s fossil fuel usage (a negative factor);
·
The region’s infrastructure for manufacturing;
·
The region’s infrastructure for education;
·
The region’s infrastructure for entertainment;
·
The region’s quality of life – human wellbeing
human happiness;
·
The region’s human population;
·
Etc..
It is likely that no region will be
self-sufficient in our modern world; therefore the need for inter-regional
trade will always be an incentive for inter-regional cooperation, as it
does today. A department of the
United Regions (UR), the Human-Activity Index (HAI)(details below) will be
responsible for producing the standards for making the Wealth Factor
assessments. They will be generally
expressed on a per capita basis which tends to bring these big issues into
the personal realm, thus helping to persuade individuals and governments to
respond to the information by moving toward living within their means. Thus, Per Capita Dynamics can be
instrumental in influencing the activities of individuals, corporations or
regions. Basically, as a region’s
population lowers, the Wealth Per Capita goes up. Details are presented in 4e-DynamicFlows
Today there are dozens of organizations that
focuses on one or another of the wealth factors suggested above. For example, the Ecological Footprint [xxxv]
organization has made significant inroads toward assessing many of the
needed biophysical elements of many countries. Various satellite systems monitor and
measure forests, lakes, etc.. A web
search brings up various organizations under such headings as The Human
Development Index, or The Happy Planet Index. In a blog article, Professor George Mobus
[xxxvi]
speculates that Net Energy Per Capita, would be a useful social
well-being indicator.
The
point here is that, to a significant degree, both human and technical
resources are already developed, and that a coordinated effort could very
soon establish a measurement of our planet’s human carrying capacity within
a limited range of subjectivity. The
same effort could also provide the expertise to begin assessing national
and regional Wealth Factors. When
the per capita information is regionalized, it will tend to become
localized, and even personalized.
Regionalization:
In his
2005 book, America Beyond Capitalism,
Gar Alperovitz has a chapter called The
Regional Reconstruction of the American Continent. Here he provides many reasons why large
nations like USA or Canada are too large to govern effectively, and he
gives many reasons why regionalization is necessary to deal effectively
with many of our problems, including the population issue. The chapter ends with this quote:
Quite
apart from population and other pressures that may force change – and the
many uncertainties that would ultimately have to be confronted and resolved
– over the long arc of twenty-first century, Americans who are committed to
a renewal of democracy are unlikely to be able to avoid the truth that in
all probability this can only be meaningfully achieved in units of scale
smaller than the continent but also of sufficient size to be capable of
substantial semiautonomous functioning: the region.
In the
past several decades there appears to be a slow movement away from very
large political blocks, as a web search on ‘separatist movements’ will
illustrate. In 1991 the USSR
peacefully dissolved into Russia and several smaller states. Quebec, Scotland, Greece, have had
separation movements that failed, probably because of uncertainty regarding
the global MES (Monetary Economic System) that provides their vital link to
trade and commerce - TINA - they had no viable alternative but stay. The UK’s vote for Brexit will likely
succeeded because they had kept the well-established pound sterling as
their internal currency, enabling them to continue international
trade. A recent article, Trump: The Illusion of Change [xxxvii],
by Helena Norberg-Hodge, highlights several reasons for the mood for
localization. Another recent
article suggests the Trump era might trigger the needed phase transition[xxxviii].
Perhaps
pressure from our full world
experience is creating a grass roots tendency, or instinct, to revert back
to smaller autonomous regions, in a ‘circle the wagons’ effort to deal with
whatever is coming next. In the
meantime the spectra of global warming looms large on our horizon. But we individuals generally carry on in
semi-denial, just doing what we normally do, with no cure in sight.
Let’s
presume the CURE Team (Creative United Regions Endeavors) can
begin to assemble the significant resources at hand. And as they begin to assemble the
intelligence sections of the United Regions, the CURE team would
soon be able to provide the vital data that has never been available for
Angela Merkel or any other world leader.
Governance Design
Outline in Backcast: (A glimpse of the Chapters of Section Four)
Our backcast [xxxix]
provides a brief overview of the social/political/economic scene 50 years
After Paradigm Change (050APC). As
a prototype model it can provide a synergetic common goal for the thousands
of disparate efforts now working diligently to CURE this or that symptom of excess human-activity. It provides a sketch of the nature of
potential future governance and potential established norms for those
living at that time - a time when a large number of autonomous Regions of
world use the Real Wealth Monetary Economic
System (RWMES) as the primary means of exchange in goods and
services. For simplicity the
digital currency will be called Gaia dollars (Gaia$) as issued and
controlled by the Unite Region’s Bank of Gaia and issued through the
bank branches of each of the world’s regions that are part of the UR
network.
The United Regions (UR) grew
out of the concept of the United Nations but operates with a significantly
different purpose and mandate. It
is a chaordic organization designed to serve the collective interests of
the many diverse regions of planet Earth.
The core purpose of the
United Regions is:
To move humanity toward a more
harmonious relationship within Gaia.
The Mission Statement of the
United Regions is:
To create the management infrastructure
capable of enabling
collective human knowledge and science to guide
the human journey into the future.
Blue Planet Governance in the year
20??
|
|
|
UR
Expanded View 20??
|
Oval Elements of the United
Regions:
In the State of Gaia (SG) scientists measure the well-being of
the oceans, the atmosphere and other planetary metrics. Another input is from the audited
ecological assessments of each global Region. From these data, the SG produces
real-time information about global ecological well-being. The SG data flow acts like a doctor
giving a continuous report of the vitality of the Gaian system of nature,
the source of all life on our small blue planet.
The Human-Activity Index (HAI) monitors the well-being of
human affairs. The Wealth-Factors, represent the
numerous elements that are a measurement of
robust ecology and of the general health and happiness of the people, which form the
basis of Real Wealth. The
wealth-factor scope is wide. For
example, there are assessments of the well-being of: biodiversity;
corporate well-being; human happiness; human cultural nourishment;
education and energy categories such as energy demand vs local supply,
renewables, etc. etc. HAI data flows to the other UR sections for further
processing.
The Global Standards
(GS): The Wealth Factor and Arbitrator section deals with establishing a
comparative standard for the Wealth Factors from the SG and HAI
sections. Each of these raw data
metrics are groomed for presentation on a scale from 0 to 100 in order to compare apples
and oranges. A panel of judges who
are knowledgeable in dynamic processes will arbitrate the scaling process
because it is an extremely critical area and the issues are quite
subjective. The importance of prudent
judgment in this area cannot be overstated as it is largely this group who
control the throttle of human-activity by acting as the wheelhouse of
humanity, steering our course into the future by carefully controlling the
dynamic human-activity regulator – the money supply.
GS also develops the
requirements and guidelines for a Region to become part of Blue
Planet Governance. A few of the
requirements are:
Ø To operate a regional Government in accordance with democratic
principles;
Ø To participate in regional wealth measurement and reporting;
Ø To operate a regional Bank of Gaia (BG-R);
Ø To accept Gaia$ as the only means of exchange for goods and
services, except direct neighborly barter.
(There was a period of overlap in the early days as elements of the
MES collapsed.)
Ø To publish the (RB-G) wealth assessment as Wealth Per Capita (WPC);
Ø To accept that a few of our created ways of doing things (our
stories) need to change, such as: there can be no private land ownership,
money will be interest free, and there will be distribute basic living wage
for all regional citizens.
The Bank of Gaia (BG)
receives data from both GS and HAI and uses the Real Wealth assessment of each Region to establishes the level
of money that each Regional bank can circulate. The money is referred to as Gaia$. The Gaia name provides a subtle hint that
their monetary currency is directly related to mother-nature. All money is digital and transparent at
the Regional government level because it operates through a blockchain cryptocurrency system.
In the Regions
Based on the BG information, the Regional banks publish a monthly report on
their regional Wealth Per Capita.
The Wealth Per Capita policy is a
first step in bringing the Region’s human population issue into the psyche
of the general population along with the concept that ‘your’ procreation
considerations are not ‘yours’ alone.
Most Regions having an ecological footprint larger than 1:1 will
recommend a one-child-per-female policy.
Since these issues are now localized, such recommendations from
regional government have significant influence at the community and
personal level.
When scientific data
indicates that a Region is in significant footprint-overshoot, the normal
money supply based on a Region’s Real Wealth would not provide enough
circulating currency to sustain a functioning economy. As a temporary measure, the Bank of Gaia
creates a Next Generation loan
(Wealth borrowed from our next generation) to keep the economy operating
during the period of negative growth, until this region is living within
its means. The Next Generation debt repayment schedule is well publicized by
the regional Government to encourage rapid reduction of human-activity, in
both gross human population and resource throughput. The issue of overshoot has become local
and personal.
Regional governments are able to swap
Wealth Factor values with other Regions to help improve their Wealth Per Capita WPC rating. An example of this would be: Regions with
large cities and manufacturing capabilities can exchange specific Wealth
Factors with nearby Regions that are rich in agricultural production or
renewable energy surpluses.
Within the circle of regions,
trade barriers are the primary tool for dealing with Regions that do not
fully comply with the UR guidelines and standards. There can be no trade with areas of the
world that do not join the UR.
UR Defense: While
no region has a military, the UR Defense has bases in several regions distributed
globally. The UR military is used
primarily to prevent poaching of the global commons, outside of any
region’s control.
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|
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Figure 1:
|
Q & A:
Q & A:
Q 1: How large is a region?
They are as small as practical and yet
able to have a regional government large enough to administer local
government and the management capability of meeting compliance with Blue Planet Governance
requirements. Cuba, Scotland,
Greece, Ireland, Iceland, Quebec and a few provinces of Spain were among
the first groups of regions to experiment with the UR concepts. Ecological bioregions form the borders of
some regions, while some regions were small countries before paradigm
change. Regions are small enough to
have the advantages of a feeling of localization,
giving individuals a strong feeling that they belong and that they can be
an important part of local government.
The people of some regions have a significant bond from a historic
common cultural or religious background.
Blue Planet Governance is an expandable model that can begin
from the agreement of either small nations or provinces or states of large
countries.
Q2: Why is
the Gaia$ system of money computer based only?
Globally, all money in circulation is accounted
for, from personal or corporate accounts to regional government
holdings. Full accounting is
essential for the interactive dynamic aspects of Blue Planet Government. Full accounting of global money also has
many beneficial side benefits. The
Gaia$ of a region can circulate freely within that region but exchanges
from another region must be converted to that region’s currency: and the
regional government may impose limits on these exchanges in order to
regulate the region’s WPC index.
Also, with transparent money, there can be no private ‘off-shore’
accounts or other forms of corruption, and there is very little illegal
immigration because only registered citizens of the region have a Gaia$
account.
Q3: How can corporations function in this system?
Prior to paradigm change the psychopathic
imperative of corporations drove their central goal, which was to create
profit for shareholders while having no responsibility for
externalities. This is now changed,
along with a few other changes in the human-created rules that, to some
degree, reflect the thinking of Henry George [xl]. Some of these changes are:
·
The regional government has full
stewardship of the land and commons within its borders.
·
The idea of land ownership by
individuals or corporations has ended but leases from regional government
give access to the land.
·
Regional governments, not individuals,
are the shareholders of all multi-regional corporations. Each region has a ‘corporations
department’ that can buy or sell stocks in any global corporation. Many of these corporations had been a
multinationals before paradigm change, and are now referred to as
multiregional.
·
Entrepreneurs, farmers, merchants and
cooperative enterprises operate much as they did before Paradigm Change.
Q4: What about an individual’s income:
·
Everyone gets a small but liveable
basic income from their regional government. The amount is dependent on the region’s Wealth Per Capita.
·
While there are no personal income
taxes, governments acquire revenue from various sources such as by holding
shares in profitable multiregional corporations and land leases. Also, the regional Bank of Gaia can provide
Gaia$ to the regional government for its operations.
·
UR guidelines suggest the highest paid
individual should be no more than 10 times the basic fixed income, but this
is established by each regional government.
Today:
That’s the end of the envisioning scenario.
It’s time for a few good women and men to deal
with the sickness of TINA and develop the CURE!
The industrial
context in which we presently function cannot be changed significantly in
the immediate future. Our immediate
survival is bound up in this context, with all its benefits as well as its
destructive aspects. What is needed, however, is a comprehensive change in
the control and direction of the energies available to us. Most of all we need to alter our
commitment from an industrial wonderland achieved by plundering processes
to an integral Earth community based on a mutual enhancing human-earth
relationship. This move from an
anthropocentric sense of reality and values to a biocentric norm is
essentially.
If the Blue
Planet Governance system appeals to you, join the BPG Club[xli], and let’s see what
happens!
Are
we ready to enact?
On November 12, 1936 Winston Churchill grew so exasperated
with the continuing failure of Britain to prepare for Hitler’s onslaught
that he charged in a speech to the House of Commons: “The
government simply cannot make up their minds, or they cannot get the Prime
Minister to make up his mind. So
they go on in strange paradox, decide only to be undecided, resolve to be
irresolute, adamant for drift, solid for fluidity, all –powerful to be
impotent... the era of procrastination, of half-measures, of soothing and
baffling expedients of delays, is coming to its close. In its place we are entering a period of
consequences.”
The Beginning
{as opposed to The End :-}
~~~~
The chapters of Paradigm
Junction are designed as work-in-process document, intending to meet ISO
standards for documentation control & update by those designated to
make changes.
All chapters can be accessed from the reference section below [xlii].
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<End
of section>>>
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